Reflecting
on the September 19th death of 83-year-old Allister Sparks, political analyst Aubrey
Matshiqi wrote that fearless journalists like Sparks contributed to the defeat
of apartheid. “Theirs,” said the struggle veteran, “was a golden age of
journalism which coincided with one of the darkest periods in our history.”
For
me, a young reporter in Johannesburg from 1974 to 1977, I think Matshiqi has it
right. It took extraordinary courage for editors like Sparks, Larry Gandar and
Ray Louw before him, Percy Qoboza, Donald Woods, George Palmer and others to defend
their reporters and publish authoritative, accurate news. These editors knew
the risks of confronting a repressive vindictive government and yet they
persevered.
Much
posthumous praise has justifiably been accorded Sparks whose final column was
written not long before his death.
His was a remarkable 60-year career as a reporter and editor, from the
advent of apartheid to the arrival of democracy and 20 years beyond.
I first met Sparks at the time of the
Soweto uprising when I regularly visited the SAAN building to read the wires
and get first hand reports from reporters who had just returned from Soweto and
other townships. At that time Sparks was the editor of the Sunday Express, the
sister publication of the Rand Daily Mail, which Sparks edited from 1977 to
1981.
It
was the Mail’s team of black reporters that provided the bulk of the paper’s coverage
of Soweto and the police response. With roadblocks keeping whites out of black
areas, without the eyewitness reports of Mail and other reporters who lived in
Soweto the full horror of the events might never have been known. Those
reporters indeed warrant the nation’s admiration. They personify Mashiqi’s golden
age of journalism.
Not
surprisingly these correspondents bore the full brunt of official retaliation. In
the days following Soweto 14 black reporters, four of them from the Mail, were
arrested and held without charge. One was confined in solitary confinement for
365 days.
Among
the detained were the Mail’s star photographer Peter Magubane, Gabu Tugwana,
Willie Nkosi and Nat Serache. Magubane’s dramatic images were seen worldwide,
photos that made him South Africa’s most acclaimed photographer. Serache had
been a staple on the BBC’s Focus on Africa program, speaking by phone most
evenings about developments in black areas. In exile Serache was an ANC
operative and later under President Nelson Mandela a top diplomat in Botswana.
Stanley
Uys was another authoritative South African voice on the BBC, which was a principal
source of news about what was going on. The SABC, of course, could not be
relied upon as its reporting was thin and followed the government line. Television
wasn’t a factor as it had only recently arrived and the SABC was the only
channel.
In
his 2016 autobiography, The Sword and the
Pen, Sparks wrote that the September 12, 1977 death in police custody of
black activist Stephan Biko was his first big challenge as an editor. Tipped
off by a pathologist that the black consciousness leader had died not from a
hunger strike as officially stated but from blows to the body, Mail reporter
Helen Zille and others went to work and revealed the horrific story of how Biko
had died. More unrest and detentions followed. Black newspapers including
Qoboza’s World were shut down.
Biko
had been banned shortly after Soweto. In East London his friend and Daily
Dispatch editor Donald Woods was incensed. His editorials hammered away at the
evils of apartheid, leading to Woods himself being banned. He used his time under
house arrest to write Biko’s biography, a manuscript he took with him when
disguised as an Anglican priest he escaped into Lesotho in October 1978. The
book, Biko, was a best seller and led
to David Attenborough adapting it into the prize-winning film Cry Freedom. During 12 years of exile Woods gave 400 speeches and
interviews (including to this reporter) educating people to the horrors of
apartheid.
In
1978 Rand Daily Mail reporters working under Sparks uncovered the secret
Department of Information campaign in which public money was used to establish
the pro-government Citizen newspaper. The ensuing scandal led to John Vorster’s
resignation as prime minister in September that same year.
Sparks
of course was fired from the Mail in 1981 as its owners wanted to soften its
anti-government line and attract more white readers. It was a failed strategy
and the Rand Daily Mail was closed in 1985. Thus began the period that RDM
On-Line editor Ray Hartley calls apartheid’s cold winter.
But
winter turned to spring when Mandela was set free and apartheid ended. That SA’s
constitution enshrines media freedom is a tribute to brave reporters and
courageous editors like Sparks, Woods and Qoboza who verified that freely
reported news and information is powerful. They proved that the pen is mightier than the sword. #
Washington
commentator Barry D. Wood was a writer at the Financial Mail from 1974 to 1976
and Johannesburg correspondent for NBC News in 1976 and 1977. He reported from
inside Soweto on the first day of the June 16th uprising.
No comments:
Post a Comment